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Likewise, it can convey the comparative currency of forms only by using such qualifying adverbs as “occasionally” or by specifying the one form among two or more that is the most common. 3 Such an orientation permits only a limited view of Smoky Mountain speech, and the peculiarities of grammar cited will inevitably appear more numerous and prevalent than would ever occur in a conversation with a typical speaker. The presentation here is contrastive: to identify and exemplify differences from “general American English” or “general usage” (terms that do not necessarily imply the existence of an invariant or national norm of American English).

Most features of Smokies speech are shared with types of English in nearby regions, but to date its grammar has received little consideration in the literature. Organizing the relevant material by traditional parts of speech and other categories permits a broad, synoptic picture of the grammar of SME, as well as attention to contextual details and analytical concerns not permissible in the confines of dictionary entries. Much information on grammar appears in the latter work as well, but in piecemeal fashion at separate entries.

1 Its traditional pronunciation has been treated extensively in Joseph Sargent Hall's The Phonetics of Great Smoky Mountain Speech (1942) and its word-stock and semantics presented and illustrated in the Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English (Montgomery and Hall, w004). This sketch surveys the elements of morphology and syntax-how words are formed and constructed into phrases and clauses-of the traditional English of the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, one of the most widely recognized parts of Southern Appalachia. (Originally published, in a slightly different form in 2004 in the Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English by Michael Montgomery and Joseph S.